During the late 1970s
and early 80s, subaltern historiography emerged as an alternative to the
nationalist, Marxist and colonial historiography, accusing the latter of robbing
the common people of their agency. However, within the nationalist
historiography there were attempts to marginalise nationalists owing to
religious reasons.
One such marginalised
figure was George Joseph (1887-1938), who was always seen as a Christian
nationalist. A multifaceted personality, he was a famous lawyer, journalist, a
trade unionist and a champion of subaltern.
George Joseph remains practically unknown among
the freedom fighters of suth India, despite his being in the vanguard of
struggle for freedom along with great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Motilal
Nehru, Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahadev Desai.
Born in Chengannur,
Kerala, on June 5, 1887, Joseph had his school education in Kerala and went to
the Madras Christian College in 1903. He did M.A. in Philosophy at the
University of Edinburgh and went on to study Law at Middle Temple in London in
1908. During his stay in London, he came into contact with several great Indian
revolutionaries and freedom fighters of the day. George Joseph, completing his
studies, left London in December 1908 and arrived in India in January, 1909.
AGAINST CRIMINAL TRIBES
George Joseph married
Susannah and both went to Madras in 1910. During his short stay in Madras, he
contributed to the South Indian Mail, which later became defunct. Later, he,
through his friend Gopala Menon, a criminal lawyer, came to Madurai and started
his legal practice in 1910.
Within a few years,
Joseph, modelling himself on Eardley Norton, a prominent lawyer and one of the
founding members of Indian National Congress, established himself as a leading
criminal lawyer in Madurai.
He was one of the first
members to have vehemently opposed the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) at a time when
even members from the affected communities such as Piramalai Kallars and
Maravars did not raise their voice. He fought for their cause in courts, wrote
extensively in newspapers and espoused their rights as labourers in the Madura
Mill.
Even to this day,
members of the Kallar community pay homage to him on his death anniversary and
name their children as Rosappoo or Rosappo Durai .
Elders in the community say it is not clear whether he was referred to as Rosappoo
Durai because he used to wear a rose on the lapel of his jacket or a
mispronunciation of Joseph.
Joseph's main
contribution was against the punitive powers of CTA, 1911, by which members of
the criminal tribes had their fingerprints taken and their mobility restricted.
Under Section 10(a) of the Act, hours were fixed for them to report to the
police.
In 1919-20, 1,400
Kallars were brought under this Section. The hours fixed were 11 p.m. to 4
a.m., which compelled them to sleep at the police station every day. This made
life difficult for the Kallars and the women in the community had no safety. In
April, 1920, the Piramalai Kallars rioted in Madurai and a subsequent official
enquiry at which George Joseph was present directed that Section 10(a) be applied
more sparingly in future.
Representations made by
him and others resulted in a more humane approach by the government against
these communities. His 1936-diary contains entries regarding visits by
delegations of Kallars who had come to him for advice on various issues.
FIRST LABOUR UNION
He played a leading
part in setting up one of the early trade unions in India in Madurai. Madurai Labour Union was formed with the help of J. N. Ramanathan of Justice Party and
George Joseph in 1918.
Eamon Murphy, in his
book, Unions
in Conflict: A Comparative Study of Four South Indian Textile Centres,
1918-1939, ' states that Ramanathan's motives for becoming engaged in
the labour union are not clear. Although he used labour meetings to criticise
the Congress, he was ready to work with individual nationalists such as George
Joseph within the union. It was the above said two events which formed the
political evolution of George Joseph.
Joseph was introduced
to Mahatma Gandhi by Rajaji on March 22, 1919, in Chennai and at once he was
mesmerised by the presence and words of the Mahatma. Later, Gandhi came to
Madurai on March 26, 1919, and stayed at the residence of Joseph. Joseph played
a leading role in organising a public meeting for Gandhi in Madurai on March
29, 1919, in which 20,000 people attended.
They were administered
the ‘Satyagraha pledge' as an act of resistance to the Rowlett Act. A
resolution was passed at this meeting to the effect that the people of Madurai
were fully prepared to observe a hartal on April 6, 1919. On April 5, 1919,
Joseph organised a huge procession in Madurai. At the meeting, he appealed to
the people to stop work and observe fast the next day. This was translated into
rebellious action by a large section of people and all shops remained closed on
April 6, 1919. Joseph became the trusted lieutenant of Gandhi in Madurai from
that moment.
In the 1920s, he left
Madurai to join politics at the national level. In February 1920, Motilal Nehru
made Joseph the Editor of ‘The Independent' newspaper in Allahabad. During this
time, Joseph was arrested with members of the Nehru family on the charge of
sedition on December 6, 1921. On September 27, 1923, he assumed the editorship
of Gandhi's ‘Young India' from Rajaji. The tenure lasted for about six months.
RETURN TO SOUTH
As a socially engaged
leader, Joseph, after coming to south India, participated in the Vaikkom Temple
entry struggle in March 1924, much against Gandhi's dislike. Gandhi wrote a
letter on April 6, 1924 stating that temple entry was a problem of the Hindus
and let them solve it themselves.
In his words, “I think
that you should let the Hindus do the work. It is they who have to purify
themselves. You can help by your sympathy and by your pen, but not by
organising the movement and certainly not offering Satyagraha.” (Gandhi M.K.
(1959) Collected
Works of
Mahatma Gandhi XXIII P.391)
Joseph did not look at
the Vaikkom struggle as an isolated movement for temple entry but perceived it
as a denial of basic civic right of free entry to public space for the
‘untouchables' and participated in the struggle.
In January, 1925,
Joseph and his wife returned to Madurai where they took up Gandhi's
constructive programmes, which included promotion of khadi, removal of
untouchability and restoration of communal harmony.
From 1925 to 1938,
Joseph kept himself in touch with all political activities. In 1929, at the
request of the Congress, he contested the municipal elections believing that
the Congress would support him. However, he lost the election which made his
political isolation complete. Yet, he came back to politics. In July 1937, he
was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from
Madura-cum-Ramnad-Tirunelveli constituency.
An avid reader, George
Joseph was to be found more often in the Connemara Public Library and Literary
Society in Chennai, and on his return to Madurai he renewed his membership at
the Victoria Edward Library where he used to spend at least two hours in the
evening.
His grandson, George
Gheverghese Joseph, in his book George Joseph:
The Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist, 2003, says that
print media was the important means to express his views and it was through The Hindu most
of his views came to the public sphere. Political and social issues formed the
major part of his contributions. Joseph's relationship with Periyar E. V.
Ramasamy was a complex one but still he admired him because of his
uncompromising stand against the Swarajists and his gutsy approach to stand and
fight alone when needed.
He admired B.R.
Ambedkar and corresponded with him on Vaikkom struggle and mass conversion.
Joseph had a special relationship with Kamaraj. As a youngster, Kamaraj was
busy with Joseph in organising demonstrations against Simon Commission and
successfully organised thousands of volunteers near Tirumalai Naicker Mahal.
When Kamaraj was implicated in the ‘Virudhunagar Conspiracy Case' in 1933,
Joseph and Varadarajulu Naidu argued on his behalf and proved the charges to be
baseless.
During his later days,
Joseph became highly critical of Congress and Gandhi's views and in an article
titled “Gandhiji's New Formula in The Hindu ,
he criticised Gandhi's views on khadi , Salt Act and Prohibition.
Joseph, after prolonged illness, died at the
age of 50 at American Mission Hospital in Madurai on March 5, 1938. His requiem
mass was held at St. Mary's Church and he was laid to rest at the East Gate
Cemetery.
Gandhi, on hearing the
news of Joseph's death, wrote to Susannah, “I have before me your most pathetic
and humane letter. I have seen your longer and fuller letter to Mahadev Desai.
You must not grieve. That will show lack of faith in God. He gives and takes
away. And surely it is with Joseph. You will come to me whenever you can and
want to. You shall remain a dear daughter and more so, if possible, now that
Joseph is no more in our midst in the flesh. Love to you and children — Bapu.”
The Congress government in 1966 erected a
statue of him at Yanaikkal junction. It was unveiled by the then Home Minister
P. Kakkan.
Thanks to The Hindu